Environmental

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Environmental

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24 documents
High Court set aside arbitrarily imposed fines for forestry offences, requiring means test and reducing custodial sentences.
  • Forestry offences — sentencing — fines and default imprisonment — mandatory means test — application of Fines (Conversions) Act — first offender principles — s340(1) Criminal Procedure and Evidence Code — supervisory confirmation review.
Judgment 19 November 2024
Forestry licence did not justify respondent’s trespass onto the applicant’s land; nuisance claim lacked particulars and evidence.
  • Property law — Trespass to land — Rightful possession under a subsisting lease — Forestry licence insufficient to justify occupation; Nuisance — requires pleaded particulars and evidential proof.
Judgment 26 September 2018
Applicant failed to prove individual entitlement to customary land; trial findings upheld and appeal dismissed with costs.
  • Land law — Customary land — Communal ownership; chiefs’ power to authorize use under customary law — No individual title. Civil procedure — Burden and standard of proof: balance of probabilities
  • Evidence — deference to trial court findings
  • Appeals — abuse of process; dismissal with costs
Judgment 23 July 2018
Occupier of customary land entitled to compensation for loss of use and destroyed crops following State taking.
  • Land law — Customary land vested in the President — Occupier's entitlement to disturbance/compensation — Non-retroactivity of statutes — Assessment of damages for loss of use and destroyed crops.
Judgment 20 July 2018
An interlocutory injunction was refused where the defendant’s actions were carried out pursuant to an existing court order.
  • Civil procedure — interlocutory injunctions — exceptional remedy; injunctions ordinarily not granted to restrain acts undertaken pursuant to an extant court order; customary land — Section 25 Land Act — sale of customary land may be void ab initio (relevant to triability).
Judgment 4 July 2018
Court continued interlocutory injunction pending trial, finding serious triable issues and limitation defence premature.
  • Interlocutory injunction — preservation of status quo — American Cyanamid guidelines; Limitation Act — possession, re-entry and forfeiture; Adequacy of damages in land possession disputes; Serious issue to be tried — disputed facts on title and occupation.
Judgment 21 May 2018
Plaintiffs' claims for road‑works damage dismissed: negligence not proven and claim against authority statute‑barred.
  • Limitation Act — joinder after expiry of limitation period; negligence — duty of care to properties near road works; res ipsa loquitur inapplicable where cause known; pleadings limit issues (waiver must be pleaded).
Judgment 23 April 2018
Appeal dismissed: lower court's adverse-possession finding upheld; inheritance statute inapplicable where not pleaded.
  • Land law — adverse possession — uninterrupted occupation and use for over 12 years — limitation statute; Civil procedure — evaluation of evidence and credibility; Pleadings — court confined to issues raised; Deceased Estates Act not applicable where inheritance not pleaded.
Judgment 30 January 2018
Respondent’s long delay allowed the appellant to acquire permanent usage rights to customary land allocated by the chief.
  • Land Law
    • — Customary Land — Allocation and Right of Use and Occupation — Validity of chief’s allocation under Land Act ss 2, 25 and 26
    • — Evidence and Delay — Laches/Sitting on Rights — Delay in asserting customary land rights may defeat later claim if land was lawfully allocated and openly developed
Judgment 24 October 2017
Mediator found the proposed pump site within road-reserve/buffer-zone intersection; construction confined there not violating plaintiffs' customary rights.
  • Land law — customary land v public land — road reserve and river buffer zone intersection — Waterworks Act s.6 — entitlement to injunctive relief where works extend onto customary land.
Judgment 11 September 2017
General Interpretation Act preserves repealed law and subsidiary Rules, so the Rules of the Supreme Court remain operative and the preliminary objection is dismissed.
  • Statutory interpretation — Courts (Amendment) Act 2016 — General Interpretation Act (ss.13, 14(1)) — effect of repeal on subsidiary legislation — Rules of Supreme Court remain operative — summary judgment procedure preserved.
Judgment 1 July 2017
Appellate court upheld lower court's credibility finding in a customary land dispute and dismissed the appeal with costs.
  • Customary land — communal ownership — chiefs’ power to authorize use under Land Act ss.25–26 — limits of chiefs’ authority — allocation vs individual title; civil proof on balance of probabilities; credibility findings on customary land disputes; relationship between Traditional Authority determinations and court jurisdiction.
Judgment 1 June 2017
Interlocutory injunction continued to protect asserted use-and-occupation rights in customary land pending resolution of disputed authority and jurisdiction.
  • Customary land — rights to use and occupy (distinct from registered title) — interlocutory injunction — adequacy of damages — balance of convenience — authority of seller and jurisdiction of chief to witness customary land transaction.
Judgment 22 May 2017
Whether the applicant may challenge project implementation without an EIA and secure state-held project documents under the right to information.
  • Administrative Law — Judicial Review — Leave to apply for judicial review; standing and arguable case
  • Environmental Law — Environmental Impact Assessment — Requirement to conduct EIA and obtain approval before implementation — Environment Management Act s24; Specified Projects Notice (1998)
  • Constitutional Law — Right of Access to Information — State-held documents — Constitution s37 — Disclosure ordered
Judgment 21 April 2017
Appellate court upheld conviction and concurrent sentences based on recent possession and an unreasonable explanation.
  • Criminal law — burglary and armed robbery — doctrine of recent possession — possession of stolen property shortly after theft — burden and standard of proof — appellate restraint on sentence interference; concurrent sentences.
Judgment 3 April 2017
Court continued interlocutory injunction to preserve land pending trial because damages are inadequate and balance of convenience favoured plaintiff.
  • Civil Procedure — Interim Relief — Interlocutory injunction — Preservation of status quo in land disputes — Application of American Cyanamid principles
Judgment 12 December 2016
Judgment 27 October 2016
Judgment 13 June 2016
Plaintiffs' claim to customary land dismissed for lack of evidence; lease process found not irregular; costs awarded.
  • Land Law — Customary Land — Communal use, chiefs’ authority to authorize occupation — Land Act ss 2,25,26
  • Civil Procedure — Possession Proceedings — Originating summons under RSC Order 113/Order 5 — Requirement to prove title or right to occupation
Judgment 8 February 2016
Court held parties agreed only to grant use of the mining licence, not its transfer; plaintiffs' claim dismissed, counterclaim granted.
  • Mines and Minerals — mining licence: 'use' v transfer; contract interpretation — objective approach and surrounding background; agency — licence-holder may use agents (s.43); royalties — contractual obligation and counterclaim; plaintiffs failed to prove breach or loss.
Judgment 3 November 2008
Appeal allowed: custodial sentences for unlawful charcoal burning substituted with fines where no assessed damage and offenders not hardened.
  • Criminal Law
    • — Forestry offences — Destroying indigenous trees by making charcoal without licence — Sentencing discretion and proportionality
    • — Sentencing — Consideration of first‑offender status and absence of assessed damage value — Custodial sentence versus fine
Judgment 13 July 2008
Government may excavate for irrigation on customary land; surface rights remain and compensation is payable for damage.
  • Land Law — Customary Land — Extent of Rights (Surface Use Only) — Land Act s26
  • Property/Development — Infrastructure on Customary Land — Authority To Excavate And Lay Pipes — Duty To Refill And Compensate
Judgment 2 December 2007
Delay after an ex parte interim order and genuine disputes over title made mandatory interlocutory relief inappropriate.
  • Interlocutory injunctions — ex parte interim relief and subsequent delay — mandatory interlocutory injunctions exercised with caution — balance of convenience — competing title/regularization disputes — adequacy of damages.
Judgment 23 August 2004
Customary land rights are constitutionally protected; eviction requires statutory expropriation procedures and compensation; injunction granted.
  • Customary land — constitutional protection of property rights — expropriation requires public utility, notice and compensation — Land Act and Land Acquisition Act procedural compliance — Environment Management Act grants locus standi to 'any person' — injunction to prevent environmental degradation
Judgment 10 January 2004