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Appellant’s convictions for grievous harm and malicious damage quashed for insufficient evidence; alternative conviction impermissible under precedent.
Criminal law — Grievous bodily harm — High threshold for ‘grievous harm’ under section 4/238 — Medical evidence not always mandatory but here insufficient; Malicious damage — proof of wilful or reckless damage required and absence of exhibit fatal; Alternative verdicts — courts may not substitute lesser offences where State chose charge (Namatav v Republic); Self‑defence and provocation — disproportional response defeats self‑defence, provocation not available to reduce non‑murder offences; Sentencing — original sentences excessive.
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